Since october 2016, protests and strikes related to sectoral demands have escalated into a crisis over the economic and political marginalisation of cameroon s anglophone minority. The london declaration divides cameroon into french 80% and british. While the german government substantially improved cameroon s infrastructure, particularly the railroads, the germans practice of harshly forcing the indigenous peoples to work on the projects against their will proved. They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Ngoh, history of cameroon since 1800 presbook, limbe. The political evolution of cameroon, 18841961 pdxscholar. Thesis presented for the internal degree of doctor of. Contact with europeans began in 1472, when the portuguese reached the wuori river estuary, and a largescale slave trade ensued, carried on by the portuguese, spanish, dutch, french, and english. Beginning in 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the german colony of kamerun, with a capital first at duala douala and later. In 1884, cameroon became a german protectorate kamerun. Brief history of cameroon the earliest inhabitants of cameroon were probably the bakas pygmies the early european presence in cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves beginning in 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the german colony of. Which were the countries that colonized cameroon, and how. The roundel of the cameroon air force is a roundel that features the greenredyellow colours of the national flag.
Sep 24, 2014 europeans first arrive in cameroon in the 15th century, when fernando po, a portuguese explorer, led a voyage of explorers up the wouri river. The national archives of cameroon in yaounde and buea history. However, a problem that exists is that the minority english speaking group is being dominated by the french speaking majority and which also controls the government. In 1911, the germans took over new cameroon neu kamerun, 295,000 km2 of land of. In the early 19th century there is considerable activity in cameroon by british and american missionaries, but a german connection begins only. Beginning in 1884, the colonial era began in cameroon with the claiming of the region as a german colony. The german explorer, gustav nachtigal, annexed cameroon in july 1884. Britain and france decided to set up a joint anglofrench administration in the newly conquered territory, but the initiative was shortlived. Cameroon s legacy of ethnic diversity dates back to 8,000 bce with the migration of the baka people into the countrys modernday borders. England had already established several treaties with the douala chiefs in the 1870s, but had not. What challenges confronted the early missionaries in their evangelization mission along the coast of cameroon before 1884. There is no need for heavy clothing since it is warm even in the rainy season. This book focuses on the process of and the underlying motivationphilosophy for the provision of schools and the expansion of education in cameroon. This paper intends to revisit the history of the war in cameroon and rearticulate its impact in the country from the outbreak of the war in 1914 through the.
When cameroon became a german protectorate in 1884, the germans. Cameroon cameroon by mackenzie klouda history before. It was first colonised by germany in 1884, and then divided between the french and british. Language ideology and the colonial legacy in cameroon. This article discusses the history of cameroon s early. The badge of the cameroon air force was adopted in in 1960 and features the colours of the national flag of cameroon behind a white bird with wings spread, crossed sword and fivepointed grey star. Other german traders follow, in sufficient numbers to send requests home for. Is the conflict in anglophone cameroon an ethnonational conflict. They have indicated to me their displeasurewe feel that mr. We remain their slaves voices from the cameroon conflict. He had inherited his fathers pioneering spirit, innovative flair, and an insatiable passion for chronographs, which he demonstrated in 1915 with the launch of one of the worlds first wrist chronographs with a separate pushpiece above the watch crown. Share discover in a free daily email todays famous history and birthdays enjoy the famous daily.
In the early 19th century there is considerable activity in cameroon by british and american missionaries, but a german connection begins only when the woermann company of hamburg builds a warehouse in 1868 on the estuary of the wouri river. Jul 14, 2019 justification for the dissolution of the federal system in cameroon were less convincing. This was con rmed during the berlin conference of 1884 1885. In 1961 the southern part of the british territory joined the new federal republic of cameroon and the northern section voted for unification with nigeria. Cameroon kamerun was a german colony from 1884 to february 1916, when the germans were defeated and ousted from the territory during world war i by joint anglofrench and belgian forces. The number of german traders in the area was an indicator of its marginality in the trade of the dominant british interest. In 1966 the dominant political parties in the east and west merged into the cameroon national union cnu. Today, there is a great deal of hostility between french speakers and english speakers in cameroon. Although the government has made some concessions, it must rebuild mutual trust with anglophone actors in order to avoid instability ahead of the 2018 general elections. History of national flags series from flagmakers flag of.
Power is solely in the hands of paul biya who has been president since 1982, and his political party, cameroon peoples democratic movement party. The war is the result of the brutal crackdown by the military of. Leon breitling passed away in 1914 and his son gaston took over the family business. The problem is rendered more interesting and complex by the fact that the country had. History of cameroon a german colony french and british rule independence. The industry is chiefly centred on the processing of the countrys various agricultural commodities. The germans were defeated by british and french forces in 1916, and the territory was divided between those nations in 1916. Cameroon history background percent, population, country. Discuss the effects of population movement in cameroon in the 19 th.
In spite of the predominant role of the british along the coast, in 1884 the germans claimed the region as kamerun. Cameroon forces germany out with the help of british and french forces. The earliest inhabitants of cameroon were probably the baka. The paper posits that if the situation remains unmitigated within the confine of united nation. The complete cameroon mission history collection should also be helpful to those interested in seeing how three generations of missionaries from north america, their cameroonian colleagues, and others who helped, have made such a significant difference in the lives of millions of people in cameroon, a country called by some africa in. A brief history of cameroon spainexchange country guide. The contribution of manufacturing to the economy grew strongly in the late 20th century, and in the early 2000s it accounted for almost onefifth of the gdp. After world war i, this colony was partitioned between britain and france under a june 28, 1919 league of nations mandate. Cameroon history, west african history, books barnes. In 1884, the german government established a protectorate called. The explorer gustav nachtigal arrived in july 1884 to annex the douala coast. Jun 24, 2017 cameroon escaped colonial rule until 1884, when treaties with tribal chiefs brought the area under german domination. Initially, their major dealings were with african traders, but. This was a surprise since germany had expressed no colonial ambitions.
German protectorate from 1884 1916, it was called kamerun but when the. In 1961, modernday cameroon became a united nation. Sep 14, 2020 in 1884, germany invaded cameroon during the socalled scramble for africa, the period of imperialism that saw european countries dominate most of the continent. Beginning in 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the german colony of kamerun, with a capital first at buea and later at yaounde.
Jun 24, 2016 the research problem is an analysis of the political evolution of cameroon from a colony in 1884 to an independent state in 1961. In 1884 however bismarck chose this borderline area for one of his hitandrun african colonies. In cameroon, there has been a surge in protests by the english speaking minority against the dominance of the francophone majority. Is the conflict in anglophone cameroon an ethnonational. The germans moved inland over the years, extending their control and their claims. The annexation of cameroon by germany took place in july 1884, in a context of rivalries between european powers present in the gulf of guinea. The history of the first world war and its impact on cameroon has been written and rewritten by many eminent scholars both within and out of the country. Since then, the name mutated in accordance with the various colonial and postcolonial. A largescale insurrection mars the countrys first years of independence until it is put down in 1963. Why did european nations scramble to annex cameroon in the. Stanford libraries official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more.
By 200 bce, an influx of bantuspeaking tribes into the southern and eastern regions of the country had pushed the bakas off arable land and into the nearby forests. Pdf since the 1961 reunification of french and british southern. The documentary is divided into 3 parts that has been summarized down to about 8. This book should appeal to scholars interested in education, especially on the african continent, african history, and european influence in african society and history. Nonetheless, the majority of the citizens live in poverty and rely on subsistence farming. A presidential form of government was retained, but cameroon. By 200 bce, an influx of bantuspeaking tribes into the southern and eastern regions of the country had pushed the. In world war i, the british invaded cameroon from nigeria in 1914 in the kamerun. How apt is this description of the biya regime since 1982. The german protectorate commenced in 1884 with a treaty with local chiefs in the douala area, in particular ndumbe lobe bell, then gradually it was extended to the interior.
Germany was particularly interested in cameroon s agricultural potential and entrusted large firms with the task of exploiting and exporting it. The research problem is an analysis of the political evolution of cameroon from a colony in 1884 to an independent state in 1961. That year, the total fertility rate was measured as 4. Advanced level cameroon history since 1800 in searchworks catalog. Oct 22, 2018 1961 britains cameroons colonies divide between cameroon and nigeria after a referendum. This section holds a short summary of the history of the area of presentday cameroon, illustrated with maps, including historical maps of former countries and empires that included presentday cameroon. Kamerun was a german colony schutzgebiet from 1884 191619. International colloquium on the history and memories of cameroon from 1884 till now.
Nachtigal negotiated and signed treaties with the kings of douala, bimbia and batanga, thus declaring kamerun a german protectorate. Beginning on july 5, 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbours became a. The area that is now cameroon had been a trading route with europeans since the 15th century. The major employers of manual labour were the administration, the various. Henrys article isan attack on us as cameroon baptists and our work in cameroon, and we. Sep, 2017 12 a glorious age in the history of cameroon. Its history and prospects cameroon s social democratic front sdf was among the watershed challenges c. The area of presentday cameroon came under german sovereignty during the scramble for africa at the end of the 19th century. What social and economic problems has cameroon faced since 1986 and how successful has the biya regime tackled them. The german annexation of cameroon in 1884 marked the beginning of the exploitation.
Bantu speakers originating in the cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders the mandara kingdom in the mandara mountains was founded around 1500 and erected fortified structures, the purpose and exact history. Throughout the following years, germany moved inland and extended their claims further and further into the region. History of cameroon global conscience initiative salus. Advanced level cameroon history since 1800 in searchworks.
This study hinge on a critical assessment of the historiography of anglophone cameroon since 1884 and its impact on intangible cultural heritage ich. The political evolution of cameroon, 18841961 by victor. Aug 26, 2019 cameroon like most other african countries has its internal problems although there has been no major armed conflict since independence in 1961. Which were the countries that colonized cameroon, and how was. History of cameroon including a german colony, french and british rule. In 1911, france ceded parts of its territory to german cameroon, as a. With the above in mind, a brief history of the country will be given below. Beginning on july 5, 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbours became a german colony, kamerun, with a capital first at buea and later at yaounde. Fanso, 1989, cameroon history for secondary schools and colleges, volume 2. In 1922, the french and british zones became league of nations mandates, with the french controlling over 80 percent of the national territory. In 1972 the population voted to adopt a new constitution setting up a unitary state to replace the federation. Cameroon becomes part of the western african colony of the german empire and is called kamerun. In 1884 therefore, chancellor bismark, in search of a colonial empire for germany, sent dr.
Pdf historical knowledgegenre as it relates to the reunification of. The president of cameroon since independence, ahmadou ahidjo was replaced in 1982 by the prime minister, paul biya. This happened to the detriment of france and great britain whose influences were notorious in the area. Cameroon history 18001990 subtitled directed by akumbom. English and french were able to gain considerable strength s. Cameroons anglophone crisis at the crossroads crisis group.
Beginning in 1884, all of presentday cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the german colony of kamerun, with a capital first at duala douala and later buea and then jaunde. German protectorate from 18841916, it was called kamerun but when the. The earliest inhabitants of cameroon were probably the baka pygmies. A compilation of historical moments that mark the shaping of cameroon today. The german colonial administration in the country lasted for thirtytwo years, 1884 1916 after.
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